INTRODUCTION
The mention of habayit har (Temple Mount) should sober mind and cause the heart to start ', race listener for him is the holiest of cities in the Holy Land, and is the holy place in the universe. This document is a historical overview of the Temple Mount of the Second Temple period to the current Islamic occupation. The facets of this survey will range from archeology to the rituals of the Temple, rabbinic commentaries on scientific evidence of the Jews,Christian and Muslim presence.
Conflagration
Temple of Herod
The inner temple of the Holy of Holies (Hebrews Devir), the Saint (Hekhal), and the room was (: Herod's building projects, started in 19 BC, and created more than a thousand priests who fall into four categories Ulam - the building entrance), the temple exterior courtyards, rooms, which was inserted miqdash Israelite priests and shorts, and women of the court, the walls and stairs,Consisting of Herodian (Temple Mount) and the city of Jerusalem, which was to the south, west and north of the Temple Mount. Herod's Temple was built the largest artificial platform in the old world of 145 hectares. Klein describes the scene: "... The new temple was an impressive and enigmatic, all in white marble facade of burnished gold, rose about 150 meters wide along and it was like a glossy front were four large distances Column 60 ..Meters in height, with capitals greek-roman style. In the middle gate was his high and mighty "(Klein, p. 97).
Conflagration
Despite the magnificence of the temple of Herod, he has received awards for many of the people. While the Pharisees to him to determine much of the design (so that the new temple would be consistent with the Torah) has allowed Herod ignored their requests if offended taste Herod. Herod with the rituals of the temple of "hiring and firing" disturbing highPriest. He angered the Sadducees and taxed the people, so that most of his reign were against it. As his government, the temple of Herod was not eternal, as it must have hoped. The prophecy of Messiah Yeshua in Luke 19:43-44, is seen to be met to this day, as he said in Jerusalem: "For days will come upon you when your enemies to launch a barricade against you, and surround you and hem you in on all sides, and are on the floor and the guys at your level, and are notYou leave one stone upon another, because you do not recognize the time of your visit. "
The Roman commander, Vespasian and his son Titus, gathered legions besieging Jerusalem and the Passover of AD 70 Unfortunately, as the Romans breached the city walls were various Jewish groups to break. It 'was Titus' siege ramparts, to enable the Temple Mount. Schiffman reports: "According to Josephus, Titus expects to save from destruction of the Temple, butwas still enveloped in a fire and could not be saved "(Schiffman, p. 161).
After the destruction of the Temple of tasks for the rabbi of the Jewish laws and practices was to maintain. Many of the rituals of the temple will soon reside in a Jewish home or synagogue. However, there were some rituals, which obviously could not be performed without the Temple. It was not until Rabbi Judah the Prince, the processing of the Mishnah, beginning the thirdCentury that many of these problems have been solved. The following is a summary of the transition from Judaism a Jewish Temple on the ground in the home and synagogue.
Many parties have been changed slightly. For example, the Passover was turned into a Seder meal and Sukkot was able to look outside the Jewish home (including ceremonies and the lulav etrog). Other important holidays such as Yom Kippur was the acceptance of a ceremony in the synagogue and the constant demand to acquirereassuring to the wise. The tenth priest was the most difficult to resolve, however.
Poll of the Temple Mount From Herod's Temple to Present Islamic OccupationIn addition to the creation of systems for the ongoing implementation of Moadim and tithes from the ritual sacrifice, a transition from its status to that of liturgical prayer. The Apocrypha, Pseudepigrapha and the Dead Sea Scrolls for the increase in fixed pattern of prayer, witness, ie morning and afternoon (when the offer tamid), and finally the evening prayers were included.It was during this period, these prayers and in the works called Siddurim Mahzorim were collected. Although these efforts were important for stabilizing Judaism was not a Jew, no doubt ready to defend the changes to come in their country and Har HaBayit especially with the arrival of the Emperor Hadrian.
Aelia Capitolina
While the Jews were occupied, the transition to the new form of religion, Hadrian was Emperor Hadrian in 117 AD The aim was to "paganism" and renamed Jerusalem "AeliaCapitolina "to himself (Publio Elio Adriano) and the Triad Capitoline -.. The trinity of the Romans, as the revolt of Bar Kochba, the false Messiah, failed Captiolina Aelia Hadrian was so long flowering Hadrian erected a temple to a other Roman God of Har Habayit installed and theater, circus, amusement arcades, baths and scattered two market places, with statues of the Greeks, Romans and Phoenicians throughout the city.
Jews and Christians were not allowed to enterthe city of executions. Only Adrian pagan Roman soldiers occupied the town. All the practice of the Sabbath, the Torah reading, or teaching, circumcision, and was severely punished by a Jewish law. While Christians and Jews have been punished in the same way, none of the two groups was made to worship the idols and false gods.
Jerusalem (Aelia) was largely irrelevant to Syria and Judea was called Palestine with its capital at Caesarea changed. Klein says: "This has been the forgottenName Jerusalem ... that when a century later, the governor of Palestine was informed that a group of Coptic Christians from Jerusalem came to ask the governor, where the city is "(Klein, 120) had.
HAR HABAYIT UNDER Byzantine Christianity
Two factors caused the decline of Hellenistic Judaism by mid-second century AD: the human and material losses caused by the revolt of the Jews and caused the birth of Christianity. The practice of Judaism became legal again, and from 212DC Jews were regarded as a Roman citizen, but still banned from the city of Jerusalem, its Temple Mount is in ruins. In 324 AD, Constantine ruled the Roman Empire caused the Jews by a Christian emperor, who in turn are excluded for the Christianization of the Jews and the Temple Mount. Constantine was not alone, though. His mother, Helen began a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, and while there are some sites arbitrarily designated "holy" and is worthy of reconstructedand "glorified". Constantine and Christianity, the Byzantine rulers later adopted amendments to the Temple Mount, but the magnitude of these changes is unclear. Current Archaeology has unearthed two buildings, built during the Roman era and restored by the Byzantines, the southwest corner of the Temple Mount. In addition to the restored Roman buildings, a Byzantine monastery, a monastery, and living spaces in the area of the temple have been discovered the mountain as "the pinnacle of the knownTemple. "Mazar said the area around the Temple Mount," to demonstrate [excavation], that the area was densely populated in the late Byzantine period, was the Muslim. Some of the plastered walls, well-made doors and windows whose arches and columns, roofs, slabs, stones of the courts and mosaic floors were the rooms, well maintained .... The buildings were largely destroyed during the Persian attack in 614 AD a sudden, at the time, a section of the SouthWall of the Temple Mount compound has been injured ... "(Mazar, p. 24).
An interesting attempt was made during the reign of Emperor Julian the Apostate, to build the new church. At this time, Christians were the stones in the courtyard of the temple complex to leave to build their churches away, but there was still filled pile of ruins that were left there almost 300 years. These were cleared and construction began in 363 AD with mixed interest by the Jews.Julian made the fires on the Christians who wrong to be angry about efforts to rebuild the temple again. However, this old example of a foiled attempt to reconstruct (with all the work of Justin's death in no more than 363) that is outside of the Lord will be repeated on a smaller scale, almost 1,300 years later, when the Jews re-admission to Mount Temple.
The Temple Mount IS TO ISLAM
It 'was a Monday afternoon, some time during the winter of 638 AD, the Caliph Umar ibn al-Kitab,who previously held most of the Middle East came under his government, on the outskirts of Jerusalem on the back of an animal fat burden, the body wrapped in a garment of camel's hair just because ... Immediately after his arrival ... The caliph asked the location of the "Temple of the Jews, Solomon built .'... Omar went to the Haram, the Arabic name for the Temple Mount ... The Islamic conquerors began clearing a major operation on the Temple Mount, and at the end of a tortuous process, have made a saintthe site as the place from which Mohammed ascended to heaven on his famous night journey. By scanning the hand, the platform of the Temple Mount, with its new mosques and other sites back to a center of religious belief and practice of subordinating Islam after Mecca and Medina (Eliav, p. 237-238 ).
Caliph Omar, Mohammed, his second successor, said to be merciful to the Christians, but more difficult for the Jews. Christians, even if they were taxed to keep, was deniedChurches were able to worship freely e. The Jews on the other side was banned from entering Jerusalem, and many laws were against them. As in Jerusalem, brought them to capture the changes, but not immediately. E 'remained largely intact after the Christian-Byzantine design.
The Temple Mount was considered sacred by the traditions of Islam (Islam means instead of "submission" to popular opinion, which means "peace"). Ascension of Mohammed on his horse out of the templeMountain Platform. Because of this, Muslims differ significantly from the anti-Semitic Christian vision in relation to the restoration of the Temple Mount. The Byzantine Christians believed that Har HaBayit should remain in ruins "... the visible evidence of the destruction of Jewish nationalism and the elimination of his old ties to the shrine." While the Muslim conquerors wanted to see the redevelopment area in order to launch Islamic worship in this place.
Omar built a mosque for the sake ofthe present mosque of Al-Aqsa, but this was later rebuilt by Caliph Abdel Malek and his son al-Walid in the periods of 685-715 AD in the Al-Aqsa Mosque and the Dome of the Rock. Mazar are three reasons why these structures were built: "(1) and 'the scene of one of the most controversial visions of the Prophet Muhammad as recorded in verse 17 of Sura of the Koran 1, immortalized with the messenger [of God' Islam] was from Mecca according to the "sanctuary far away" (the transportedaccompanied most remote) of a magical beast called al-Buraq, through the angel Gabriel mounted ... (2) The Rock competed in beauty and attractiveness of the beautiful basilicas, which filled the city that inspired awe and admiration not only of Christians but also Muslims ... (3) As a result of construction activity Arab, Jerusalem was more than ever a magnet for pilgrims "(Mazar, p. 262-263).
It came between the years 637-1009 AD, the Jews were allowed on the Temple Mountand what the doors of the temple in exchange for cleaning up the waste on site was to pray. Took place 150 years before the Crusades, they were allowed to climb the mountain and pray. All that changed in 1010 as Caliph Hakim of Egypt Fatmids ruled with an iron fist. He ordered the removal of all religious buildings (except Islam), slaughtered Christians and Jews who do not convert to Islam in 1010 ordered Jews to-six pounds of wood blocks and bells to wear theirGarments (easy to find), and by 1014 all the Jews and Christians had all of Providence, which had ruled him.
From 1016-1034 AD earthquake continues on the Temple Mount and damage to important buildings such as the Rock and Church of the Holy Sepulchre to tremble. In 1070, the Seljuk Turks came to power, and run this in conjunction with the inhumane treatment of Jews and Christians in Israel, led by Pope Gregory VII, the "holy" crusades, promising thatAll those who had fought to get the full assurance of forgiveness of their sins.
The Temple Mount under the domination CRUSADER
On the surface, the cause of liberation of the Crusades to the Holy Land was to her oppressors. However, lurking beneath the surface of other insidious reasons such as economic and political reasons, it is hypocritical at its core. The Crusaders not only slaughtered the Muslims, the Jews were herded into synagogues and burned alive. The children were thrown from the walls orthrown on the stones for as long as the "Christian crusaders", called "our men went to the tomb of our Saviour to worship Jesus, thus fulfilling the promise of him ..." The crimes were committed in Jerusalem during this time, not only against people. HaShem sacred mountain was once raped by a group of monk-soldiers, called "poor knights of Christ and the Temple of Solomon" (or Templars for short) took control of the Temple Mount. The Dome of the Rock was converted into aCatholic Church and Al-Aqsa has been in a palace of the king of the Franks, Godfrey Baldwin and then I made the first Latin king of Jerusalem. A chapel and armory of the Crusaders were erected on the Temple Mount and horses were known in the area held under the mountain as "Solomon's Stables."
When Salah-ed-Din Yusuf (Saladin) came to power in 1171 AD, has set his eyes on Jerusalem. On October 2, 1187 captured Jerusalem, leaving significant, historic buildings and Christian churches inClock. With the power of Saladin, the Muslim Dome of the Rock went on hands and was embellished script with colorful tiles and inscriptions in Kufic. Al-Aqsa mosque has been restored as a Muslim. Saladin's entry marked the end of the time of the Crusaders.
Mamluk Turks and domination
The next great leaders of this period was Baybars, a turkish slave, who became sultan of 1260-1277. Jerusalem during the Mamluk Muslim schools, mosques, built, restored dome of Al-Aqsaand much of the evidence of the presence of the Crusaders erased on the Temple Mount. He also went to great difficulty for the city, especially Islamize HaBayit Har. Mazar provides details of the structures in the immediate vicinity of the Temple Mount, "On the outskirts of the Haram es-Sharif case (the historic Temple Mount), he joined the Mamluk sultans of building one another, between the thirteenth and fifteenth century , a dozen multi-colored buildings of great beauty in the North andWest side of the Temple Mount Esplanade. These buildings housed Koranic schools, which were behind the fascinating monasteries, or places polychrome Riwaq access to the main building. Ring added that Islamic schools have been created many of the nearby tombs of the sultans and nobles "(Mazar, p. 281).
Suleiman I took a major renovation of the complex of the Temple Mount, and the walls of Jerusalem. She replaced the tiles on the surface of the Dome of the Rock with Armenian craftsmen, who had a "secret"Dye, a blue color, while the addition of white, green and yellow. Suleiman rebuilt the walls of the city (1539-1542), who are still today.
From British rule AD TODAY
From 1700-1917 AD Jerusalem remained under Turkish domination, when their rule was not without challenges. Then, 9 December 1917, General Allenby E. Israeli control over the Temple Mount and released from a 1300 years of Islamic rule. Many changes have happened in Israel and the Jewish peopleduring this period - much to tell too many to list here. However, the period of British rule was a good job for the Temple Mount archaeologists to understand the long history of the region. Full access was granted to the inspectors of the Waqf Har HaBayit and this time it was possible to document, survey, photography and analysis of data in order to preserve what remains of this important structure. This "open relationship" between the Waqf and the archaeologists who not longsustainable. As soon as the Arab Legion attacked the newly established State of Israel, May 1948, the Temple Mount came under Jordanian rule. Nothing much has changed as regards the structure of the Temple Mount itself is concerned, but something in the hearts of the people who belonged to this holy place changed. Force was brewing that would soon become a war that would reverse the wrongs of the past two millennia has been killed.
On Wednesday, June 7, 1967, after a bloody and heroicBattle
Jerusalem, Har HaBayit were again under Israeli control. Then the Israelis will have the unthinkable. When the Six Day War ended, Israel returned the Rock (and the Temple Mount) in Arab hands with Jordan as a supervisor. This act seriously concerned about when and if Israel is able to organize a movement to build a third temple again.
CONCLUSION
It seems that no matter how much it costs, different cultures have for thousands of years at mostIntent to destroy HaShem's chosen people, and at least until close to the holiest place on earth for them by God This survey these attempts, starting with the Persians and ends with the current occupation of the Arab-controlled Temple Mount .
Both the writing and the actions of the Jewish people to testify that when God wants His chosen people to be more than a place in this world. The Jews are the key to the world to come. In Isaiah 42:6-8, HaShemproclaims: "I am Adonai, I called you in righteousness, I also want to hold your hand and keep you, and will appoint a covenant to the people, as a light to the nations, to bring to open your eyes to the blind jail prisoners and those who are in darkness from the prison I am the Lord that is my name .. I will not give my glory to another or my praise to idols: "He who is faithful to His word will continue to restore his people Israel, and thenRestoration, and the story becomes a man, to be obedient to his will, and one day soon lead to a third temple will stand at Har HaBayit. May it soon - even in our days.
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